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    Logical Formulas

    Introduction: Why Learn Logical Formulas?

    Imagine you're a teacher managing a student report card, or an HR person checking eligibility criteria. You often need to make decisions based on conditions like:

    • Did the student pass or fail?

    • Is the candidate qualified based on multiple criteria?
      That’s where logical formulas help—by letting your Google Sheet think and make decisions for you.

    Step 1: Create the Base Table

    Let’s assume you’re evaluating marks of students in two subjects.

    Name Subject 1 Subject 2 IF Result AND Result OR Result NOT Result
    Aayush 78 82        
    Riya 55 35        
    Aman 32 39        
    Neha 44 67        
    Krish 29 51        

     

    💡 Passing marks assumed = 40

    Step 2: IF Formula – Simple Decision Making

    We want to check if a student passed in Subject 1.

    📍 Formula in D2 (IF Result):

    =IF(B2>=40, "Pass", "Fail")

    This means:

    • If marks in Subject 1 are greater than or equal to 40, return "Pass"

    • Else return "Fail"

    Copy this formula down for all rows.

    Step 3: AND Formula – All Conditions Must Be True

    Let’s check if a student passed in both subjects.

    📍 Formula in E2 (AND Result):

    =AND(B2>=40, C2>=40)

    • Returns TRUE only if both Subject 1 and Subject 2 marks are 40 or more.

    • Otherwise, returns FALSE.

    Step 4: OR Formula – Any One is Enough

    Now check if the student passed in at least one subject.

    📍 Formula in F2 (OR Result):

    =OR(B2>=40, C2>=40)

    • Returns TRUE if either subject has 40 or more.

    • If both are below 40, it returns FALSE.

    Step 5: NOT Formula – Complete Failure Check

    Let’s find students who failed both subjects.
    We’ll reverse the OR condition using NOT.

    📍 Formula in G2 (NOT Result):

    =NOT(OR(B2>=40, C2>=40))

    • If the student passed at least one subject → OR returns TRUE → NOT makes it FALSE

    • If failed both → OR returns FALSE → NOT makes it TRUE

    This tells you exactly who failed all.

    Mini Project: Student Evaluation Sheet

    Encourage students to create their own evaluation sheet like this:

    • Add columns for total marks, percentage, grade, and remarks

    • Use logical formulas to assign grades like A/B/C based on percentage

    • Add conditional formatting to highlight failures in red

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